KAWLRAM RALKAP LE RAMPI THLENG AWKNAK

Hre Mang, Ph.D.

 

Tulai kawlram dinhmun khaikhawm, tawi.  Jan 13, 2016.

 

Kawlram uknak a thleng ngaingai pei maw? Ralkap cozah in NDL hnenah thuneihnak an pe taktak pei maw? Kawlrampi ziangtluk tiang a thleng aw dingih mipi in ziangvek tiang ruahsan ding kan nei? Ziangvek in mipi lam in teh rampi thleng awknak ding hrangah tuanvo kan nei? Tivek pawl thusuhnak hi ka suhsohnak ah in suttu an um hnuai hni theu. Tawiten tulai dinhmun khaikhawmnak kan zoh hnik pei.

 

Ralkap pawlin 78% nehnak cotu 59% parliament ah seat co tu hnenah ram uknak thuneihnak a ap taktak pei maw? A ap ding asile 1990 lai vek si loin ziangthu ruangah asi pei?

 

            1990 vek siloin 2015 cu Kawl Ralkap hruaitu pawl dinhmun tampi a dang zo. 1990 lai ahcun Ralkap pawlin NLD hnenah thuneihnak rak pe sehla anmai dinhmun a dirthawm, harsatnak tampi an tawng thei. Rampi Dindan le Danbu in ralkap pawl humhimnak a tel lo, Ralkap pawl hrangah parliament ah reservation an nei lo, an lennak sumpai pawl black money pawl Burma market ah legal money ah an can ter hrih lo. 2015 ahchun rampi 2008 constitution in ralkap pawl cu hril loin 25% seat parliament ah an pek cia. Rampi constitution rem dingin 75% hnakih tam lungkimnak in rem theih asi. Curuangah ralkap pawl lungkimpinak tel loin kawlram constitution rem theih lo dingin constitution sungah ngan khum cia asi. Cui hlei ah ralkap in department thupi pathum, defense, home, le borders affairs minister pawl cu tuanvo a pek ding fawn. 2015 hril awk hnu ahcun zo party in cozah lalnak an lak ih thuneihnak an nei khal asile Constitution in ralkap pawl hrangah harsatnak thlenter lo dingin kilhim awknak an tuah cia zo. Curuangah a tu ih a ding suak dingmi cozah cu demoracy ngaingai asilo ih ralkap le mipi hriltlinmi kawp aw mi cozah asi hrih ding. Ziangvek party an lal khal asile ralkap pawl lungkimpinak tel loin rampi thleng awknak pumhlum ngaingai tuah theih asilo ding.

 

Cun sumpai thu lam zoh asile 1990 lai vek si loin ralkap lu-ban pawlin an sumpai neihmi pawl cu market sungah cangvai thei in tampi an tuah zo tikah Kawlram pumpi sungah tangka tekleng tampi cu ralkap mihlun, lu-ban pawl sumpai asi ti theih asi. A tui hlanah a rak um dah lo mi milian mibur malte (elite class) ti ding khawp in ram pumpi business market sumpai tekleng pawl cu ralkap hrihram pawl sumpai an si ti thei nak a um. Ram pumpi ziangkim kilkip in thlir tikah parliament thuneihnak cu ralkap pawl in hriltlinmi party hnenah thuneihnak a pek hmanah an kutsungah thuneihnak tampi a um hrih thotho tinak asi. Cozah department hnatuan lukai tampi cu ralkap mihlun pawl milesa tampi an si hrih lai fawn. Ramsung lennak sumpai tekleng tampi cu ralkap hlun le anmai lamtang milai pawl kutsungah a cangvai rero mi asi. An hram a hnget in an tanhmun an khuar tha tuk zo. Curuangah anmai dinhmun hnaihnok thei lo cin thuneihnak cu mipi hriltlinmi cozah kutah an ap dingmi asi.

 

            Leitlun ah ralkap uknak lole dictatorship ihsin democracy ram uknak ah a thleng aw mi pawl hi thleng awk dan a tlangpi thu in phunthum ah then theih asi: i) Thuneihnak lawnsakmi, ii) thuneitu pawlin anmah te uknak nak thleng dingin an tuah mi, le iii) dokalh tu le uktu pawl kop aw in kophnih in remrelmi thleng awknak tiah phunthum ah then theih asi. A pakhatnak ahcun dokalhtu pawlin thazang in an neh tikah uktu pawl tannak nei nawn loin mualpho in an um theu. Kawlram cu cuvek dinhmun asilo, dokalhtu pawlin Kawl ralkap uktu pawl vuak thlak theinak thazang an nei lo. A pahnihnak cu uktu pawlin anmai duhhrilnak in thleng awknak an tuah mi asi. Kawlram cu Ralkap pawlin anmai duhhrilnak in thlengter mi asi fawn lo. Uktu pawl le dokalhtu pawl kom aw in thleng awknak tuahmi ram khatlam le khatlam zapi thatnak ruat in cobuai parah thleng awknak tuahsuak asi theu. Khatlamah NLD in ralkap cozah cu hril awknak ah a neh ruangah ralkap pawl an sung ti theinak a um na cingin ralkap pawlin 1990 vekin thuneihnak pe duh lo hai sehla, thleng awknak cu um lo thotho ding dinhmun asi fawn. Leitlun uk awknak thleng awknak ah a tu ih a cang rero mi Kawlram thleng awknak hi a dang lam zetmi asi. Ram tampi ah ralkap uknak siseh dictators pawl siseh an thuneihnak an kutsungah an ret thei nawn lo tikah mualphoza in an um lo hmanah ramsungah rothazet ret ta in society lutlunah hmailam saupi hrang tiang mai lamzin sialcia thei hmuh ding an malzet asi. A tu kawlram cu Kawl ralkap pawlin cozah thuneihnak cu hriltlinmi party kutah an ap hmanah ralkap luban, mihlun pawl cu Kawl society luthlunah sumpai lennak in siseh thuneihnak ah siseh mipi in tham ban lo ah an ret aw thotho tinak asi. Pawnlang in zoh asile democracy uk awknak vek asi na cingin democracy ngaingai siloin mipi hriltlinmi le ralkap kop aw in dinmi cozah uk awnak asi ding. Soe Lin Aung & Stephen Campbell cun “The Lady & the Generals” timi cahram sungah a tu ih kawlram ah dinsuah dingmi uk awknak cu “Dyarchy” tiah an ti ih 1923 lai ih Mirang pawl le Kawl hruaitu pawl kop in an rak dinmi Kawlram cozah vek fang kha asi tiah an sim.

 

A tuvekin Kawl ralkap pawlin thleng awknak an timtuah rero mi hi el theih loin ramsungah mipi pawl nawr nak cu a thupibik asi ko na in ramleng lam ihsin nawrnnak siseh Asia khawmual ram inn hnen pawl lakah kawlram cu a mualpho tuk zo ruangah siseh anmai dinhmun hnget khoh zetin kawl society ah hnin theih lo in an bun awk ngah zo ruangah siseh thu tampi kom khawm in a tuvek in thleng awknak cu lungtho te in an timtuah rero mi asi sawn.

 

Leitlun capitalism uk awknak in mipi naran le milian pawl dinhmun tawiten khaikhawm hnik uhsi. America ramih lennak 50% tluk cu top 3% pawl kutsungah a um ti asi; leitlun pumpuluk lennak ih 48% cu top milian 1% kut sungah a um ti asi. A tangsun 52% leitlun lennak lak ihsin 80% cu milai 20% pawl kutsungah a um ti as fawn. Leitlun milai 80% pawl kut sungah leitlun lennak a tangmi cu leitlun lennak ih 5.5% lai lawng asi. Cutikah mifarah naran pawl cu society tlunlam minung (elite class) pawl thawn ziangtik hmanah rualran ten an feh thlang thei dah lo ding tinak asi. Mi farah pa in kumkhat (ni 365) sung a tuanmi ih a hlawhsuah mi cu milian pa ih minute 15 tuansuah mi hman a zat lo ti asi. Riahsiat thlakzet leitlun laireldan, rualran lonak ram asi. Cuvek in Kawlram lennak tampi cu ralkap hlun lu-ban pawl (cronies) pawl kut sungah a um theh ih senpi vangtlang mi naran pawl cu society lei tawdap ah nitin ei in hrangah an buai rero fangfang asi. Cutikah Kawl ralkap pawlin zo party hnen khalah hahdam zetin political power an ap theinak khal asi ve fawn.

 

Union Peace Conference tuahmi cu zoh a mawi zet. Mipi le uktu pawl, party tampi an lungawi zet, thiltha zet asi. Ziangthawn a bang aw ti asile misualpa in mi farah pakhat kha tidai sungah thawthaw thei lo in a nim bet ih reipi tisungah thawthaw thei loin a um hnu ah “Khah, na rim pei maw?” ti ah a mit le a hnar tilengah malte thli a hip ter vek khi asi. Ramhnuai ah hriamhrei kai pawl tla thawsuak zetin ramsungah an vaktawi thei, a hlan ah rak kap aw rero tla, innpi sungah Kawl ralkap uktu pawl thawn to tlang in thu tha reltlang thei timi cu thiltha asi.

 

Rampi uk awknak thatlam pan ding cu ruahsan ding a um ko. Kawl ralkap pawlin hriltlinmi party hnenah thuneihnak an ap asi ahcun Ralkap pawl dinhmun cu zohman ih hnaihnok theih lo in kum ziangmawzat a um hrih hmanah rampi a thangso thei thotho mi asi. Tahthimnakah, Thailand ramah ralkap pawlin a tuletu thuneihnak an lak leuhleuh. China ramah Community party in central ah lalnak an nei ringring. Asinan economic, le education, rampi uknak policy zalen zetin ram mipi hrangah sangka an ong asi ahcun rampi thansohnak cu tampi a um thei thotho mi asi. Kawl ralkap mibur, uktu pawl cu lennak ah siseh ramsung thuneihnak ah siseh an hram hnget zetin an bunngah zo ruangah miphun dang pawl tla state thuneihnak sang deuh pek vivo ding tla harsatnak um ding a bang lo. Hriltlinmi democracy cozah uknak hnuiah nuam teten thansoh lam pan vivo ding cu a cia tluk in ruahsan ding a um asi. Kawl miphun-u ruahnak in an duh lo bik mi pakhat cu kawl asilo mi miphun dang pawl an mah te lakhran awknak siseh zalen tuk in central govt kaihhrem loin an um ding an duh lo mi asi. Kawl asilomi miphun pawl uknak ram , Kawl ralkap pawl in kum 60 lenglo sawk seksek in an cil zo mi, state tete pawl cu mipum khalah thang so loin economic, fimthiamnak, kilkip ah dunghnufual an si tikah politics khalah central govt, kawl pawlin tih le huphurh tham zianghman an tang nawn lo asi. Curuangah Kawl elite pawlin hahdam zetin central thuneihnak cu zo party kut khalah an ap thei thlang asi.

 

Culailakah a thupi zetmi cu ramsung mipi pawl, a biktakin Kawl asilo mi miphun dang tete pawl, senpi mipi thazang cakzetin dinsuah thei a thupi. Civil society thazang cak zetin dinsuah thei ding, mipi thazang hnget zetin hrambun thei ding a thupi mi asi. Kawl ralkap a cozah siseh hriltlin mi a cozah in a pek thei mi cu malte lawng asi, ram sung mipi pawlin mibur thazang cak zetin pursum leilawnnak ah siseh political capital le social capital nasa zetin hrambun thei dingin ram le miphun dinsuak (nation building) hrang tuansuah a tul mi asi. Cutikah central govt ih pekcawpmi si loin mipi thazang miphun dang tete umnak state tinah a um dingih hmailam saupi tiang a daihmi rampi thansohnak hrang hmainawrnak hrang hmanrua tha asi thei ding.

 

 

Rawnmi: Jacobin cahram, “The Lady and the Generals”.

Hre Mang: The Progress of Democratization in Burma.